heterochromia in japanese culture

One early mention of the Japanese Bobtail occurs in Kaempfers Japan, a book written by a German doctor named Engelbert Kaempfer and published in London in 1701 or 1702. Heterochromia is more common cats than in humans. Katsara M-A, Nothnagel M. True colors: A literature review on the spatial distribution of eye and hair pigmentation. He is an adjunct assistant clinical professor at SUNY College of Optometry and works in private practice in New York City. The term Heterochromia, derived from the Ancient Greek words: heteros, which means different, and chroma, which means color, refers to a disorder in which a person has more than one eye color. We send all our proposals by email and it's usually the best way for us to send you ideas and information about your trip and to answer your questions. [3], If a funeral hearse drives past, one must hide one's thumbs in a fist. Over time, the Japanese Bobtail became the countrys de facto street cat. In my grandmothers fields, the buds of plants will sprout again. 2000-2023 AAV Media, LLC. This is basically a kind of physical disorder, so it requiresunderstanding and patience to treat it as a genre of moe. Technically, its called Heterochromia[] Iridis and in Japanese, we say [kousai ishokushou] or [kinme ginme]. If you want to change your eye colored contact lenses are the easiest option. People with albinism often have serious vision problems. Learn about Japan's traditional sports, from martial arts like karate and kendo to the spiritual ritual that is sumo. 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. [3], Number 9 is sometimes pronounced ku with the same pronunciation as agony or torture. Her Insta is ash.kaashh. Heterochromia is caused by a lack of the pigment melanin in all or part of one eye. Technically, it's called Heterochromia [] Iridis and in Japanese, we say [kousai ishokushou] or [kinme ginme]. Japanese culture is ancient and is filled with rites and traditions to honor the family. While it . People with this condition are believed to be blessed with psychic abilities and supernatural powers. If this is not done, one's parents will die. A spider seen in the morning means good luck so the spider should not be killed. It can also mean there are at least two different colors in parts of one eye or both eyes. 2017 Mar;34(1):21-26. doi:10.1080/08990220.2016.1276439, Stasio ED, Maggi D, Berardesca E, et al. bleeding in the eye. This can be anything from illness or accidents to death or natural disasters. Other ones that Ive seen are Shuffles Mayumi, Natsuyume Nagisas Maki, Nanohas Vivio and Sakis Mihoko. 2 ratings. For example a blue eye and a brown eye (like Alexander the Great, David Bowie or Kate Bosworth). 4 Some people are born like this. In a later post, Miyokothanked everyone for their kind messages andannounced she had taken numerous photos of Fukumaru before his death. Good luck energy: Central heterochromia is associated with good luck. [gantaikko moe], Ahhhh heterochromia, one of my fav moe traits ^o^. You are right. Blue is the second most common and brown tops the list with 45% of the U.S. population and possibly almost 80% worldwide. Fuchs involves inflammation in some of the structures at the front of your eye. Q: Is heterochromia more common in males or females? Yes, I bought a single purple lense to cosplay Lelouch, and a pair of red lenses, so I had to pay for them. These may include peer-reviewed scientific research, data from government health authorities, and other trusted sources of information. By Adam Debrowski; reviewed by Moshe Mendelson, OD, FIAO. We'll get back to you as soon as possible. The story is simple, a 22-year-old Onizuka who used to bethe head of the gang starts a new life as a teacher in Kichijoji[, does this ring a bell to you if you know Cafe]. Some people are born like this. There are still so many photos I want to show everyone. Central heterochromia: Multicolored eyes that start with one color near the pupil. Heterochromia is a genetic anomaly in which the individual has a different tonality in their eyes, specifically in the iris, making one eye a different color from the other. At some point, youve probably noticed a Siberian husky, Australian shepherd or border collie with two different-colored eyes. Q: Is having heterochromia, or different-colored eyes, a bad thing? Odd eye characters are very lovely to cosplay except they are very expensive because it means that you have to buy two pairs of contacts. Ryomo Shimei[] from Ikkitousen[] and Iba Itsuki from Rental Magica. [8] Particularly in the maternity section of a hospital, the room number 43 is avoided because it can literally mean "stillbirth". In anime it is common to find characters with eyes of different colors from each other. Authorities ordered people to set their cats loose on the streets to take out the vermin. It may. If you liked the article, don't forget to share and leave comments. These colors result from blood vessels at the back of the eye being visible. Heterochromia is a rare condition that affects the iris, the colored part of the eye. Some characters who are siblings both have heterochromatic eyes. Back to the topic, as odd-eyed characters become popular, cosplayers are willing to buy [colored contacts] to copy. ), celebrities, video games, doramas, anime and everything else in between. The iris then shifts to a different color toward the edge. Medicaid: Eligibility and Vision Benefits. Cats with odd eyes are very cool, I think. Thus, many Japanese superstitions involve beliefs about animals and depictions of animals bringing about good or bad fortune. Some of the most prominent aspects of Japanese culture are discussed below. Some characters have different colored eyes not because they were born with heterochromia, but because they've acquired some sort of ability or curse that manifests in the eye. If it's caused by an underlying condition, though, you should get proper treatment for that condition. Award-winning, innovative and fun group tours, tailormade trips and cultural experiences throughout Japan. No, I meant Dokuro in Katei kyoushi Hitman! Light brown pigment in the iris interacts with blue light in the eye, resulting in green, speckled, or hazel eyes. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. Difficult. Your email address will not be published. Information bulletin - what is albinism. This may be a congenital feature, or it could be acquired. Numerous photographs depicting the daily countryside life of Fukumaru and his ownerIhara Misao, captured the hearts of not only people in Japan but all around the world. STILL HAVE QUESTIONS? Alexander the Third, King of Macedon, is believed to have had some form of heterochromia. But I like his odd eye, very cool. Sometimes, characters have eyes of different colors because they got the second eye from someone else. An Australian Shepherd mix with heterochromia. We say . He had been receiving medical treatment and was in a lot of pain. Thanks to this feature, theyre great jumpers, and excel in feline agility contests (yup, those exist). What do the numbers on your eyeglass frames mean? There's not much information on gray-colored eyes. The eye specialists at Mass. When a baby is born with heterochromia, their doctor may recommend having an ophthalmologist (medical eye doctor) look at their eyes. I didnt know about that. With one blue eye and one green eye, English actress Alice Eves heterochromia is more subtle than other cases. American Academy of Ophthalmology: EyeSmart. He acquired these colors in his eyes because of some injuries. Get notified when new articles are posted: Japanese with Anime is a blog about learning Japanese written by someone who's learning Japanese to read manga and watch anime in Japanese. According to one legend, the Japanese Bobtail is missing most of its tail because long ago, a sleeping cats tail caught fire. For example, some medications that treat glaucoma, a condition that causes increased eye pressure, can cause eye color to change over time. With this change, gray now tops the list as the rarest eye color. When someones eyes have any form of multiple colors, they probably have heterochromia iridum or heterochromia iridis. Heterochromia is also called heterochromia iridum or heterochromia iridis. Thousands of years as an isolated island country allowed Japan to undergo various cultural evolutions in solitude, creating a truly unique traditional culture. Heterochromia is uncommon in humans. They really put the finishing touch on a lot of cosplays. GTO is actually very popular over here despite it being an old series. Or two different shades of blue (like Kiefer Sutherland). Eye color is a big part of appearance. Cat fanciers believe that the American Bobtaila pretty new breedstems from a variant of the Manx gene. Kanzaki Urumi has a deep secret with her birth. Heterochromia is a genetic anomaly in which the individual has a different tonality in their eyes, specifically in the iris, making one eye a different color from the other. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Scientists used to think that eye color inheritance was a simple matter of whether genes present were dominant (expressed whenever present) or recessive (only expressed when matched with the same gene). Todoroki Shoutohas both eye and hair heterochromia. Japanese language, Japanese kanaJapanese kana.a language isolate (i.e., a language unrelated to any other language) and one of the world's major languages, with more than 127 million speakers in the early 21st century. As such, heterochromia, the condition in which a person's irises are different colors, has provoked quite a few superstitions. Your personal information is kept confidential at all times. In fact, many celebrities have heterochromia. Rather, he had an eye condition called anisocoria, where one pupil is permanently larger than the other. American Academy of Ophthalmology: EyeSmart. Sectoral heterochromia, also called segmental or partial heterochromia, describes when different segments or wedges of color occur within one iris. Personally, I didnt like Suiseiseki because I dont like the dolls in Rozen Maiden. Required fields are marked *. Did you know that if a cat is white and with blue eyes they are deaf in both ears? Heterochromia may be acquired due to certain diseases, eye injuries, infections, etc. Piebaldism: This is a condition similar to Waardenburg's syndrome, and it may be defined as a rare disorder of melanocyte development characterized by a white forelock and multiple symmetrical . Eye color: Unique as a fingerprint. The Manx gene is an incomplete dominant gene, so kittens that inherit it can be born with full-length tails, stubby tails, or no tails at all. In both languages heterochromia commonly refers to the having eyes of different colors, but other kinds of heterochromia also exist, like having different colors of hair or skin. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); what do you call eyepatch girls? Heterochromia is when a person's irises are different colors. Reborn. In reality, the cats short tail stems from a natural genetic mutation. Japanese Bobtails tend to have blue or gold eyes, although any shade is accepted by cat registries. 2000-2023 AAV Media, LLC. Horner's syndrome . University of Pittsburgh Medical Center: Inside Life Changing Medicine. The larger the pupil, the more black there is in the center of the eye. For a more complete list of characters with heterochromia, see the following websites: Leave your komento in this posuto of this burogu with your questions about Japanese, doubts or whatever!All comments are moderated and won't show up until approved. Elizabeth Berkleys eyes are green, but one of them has a splash of amber-colored pigment below the pupil. Japanese Bobtails hind legs are noticeably longer than their forelegs. Just one eye is coloredthat is [odd eye]. The frightened feline reacted by running, and it accidentally set the entire town on fire. Now that you've seen a little bit about anime characters with heterochromia, we recommend reading our article on big eyes in anime. The Passing of Fukumaru, the Famous Odd-eyed Cat. 2 This can occur between the two eyes or within one eye. Heterochromia of the eye is called heterochromia iridum or heterochromia iridis. Life goes on in changing ways and forms. Sectoral heterochromia: Two-colored eyes that take on more of a slice or wedge pattern on each affected eye. Often there's no known reason for it, but it can be caused by a condition known as piebaldism, a lack of pigment-producing cells in patches of hair, skin, and, in some cases, one eye. This work hasn't been replicated, though. Genes related to the production of pigmentsmelanin, eumelanin, and pheomelanindictate the color of your skin, hair, and eyes. David Bowie was often falsely credited with having heterochromia. Leslie Lyons, a scientist who studies cat genetics at the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California at Davis, teamed up with her colleagues to collect DNA samples from 22 cat breeds across the world. Moderate. Multiple religions coexist in a country where people are born Shinto, get married Christian and die Buddhist. American Academy of Ophthalmology. The specifics vary greatly if a doctor suspects one. We take an indepth look at the history of paperfolding. Heterochromia iridis is an uncommon condition in which the two eyes are different in color from each other. Easy. heterochromia Classic T-Shirt By naomi-shinney From $19.01 KURUMI TOKISAKI - DATE A LIVE Sticker By KOKOROWAIFU From $1.35 Heterochromia Hooded Cat Two-color eyes Graphic T-Shirt By paulocampos $30.79 heterochromia Sticker By sokoprints From $2.24 Blue Cat Fantasy Magic Heterochromia Sticker By donnieblue From $1.35 My Cat Sticker By Eloise-Mae Read more of our Heterochromia FAQs. For the record: an "odd-eyed cat" is a cat with heterochromia in English, but you don't call people odd-eyed. March 1991. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Conditions like Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis can lighten your eye color and may lead to serious vision problems. Here is a list of possible causes of Heterochromia: Research suggests that most cases of heterochromia in humans are benign and occur without any underlying abnormality. However, the cats can come in a variety of solid colors, like red, black, white, and blue, and in patterns including tabby, bicolor, or van (i.e. This is called Heterochromia which in Japanese is called ishokushou []. Due to these unlucky connotations, the numbers 4 and 9 are often pronounced yon and kyuu instead. Although he was still able to move, he could not eat on his own. Black is not an eye color. When heterochromia occurs or changes later in life, an eye doctor will need to perform a comprehensive eye exam. Piebaldism. (Photo: Kristen Wells) Heterochromia can be acquired later in life. tumors of the iris. In reality, the variation only relates to unequal pupil size which can cause one eye to look darker than the other not the actual eye color. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Heterochromia also exists for the hair and skin. Dokuro-chan? It can be very very beautiful, unique and different. The Japanese Bobtail isnt believed to have any genetic health issues. I dont think it is Yappuuu, but Yahhooo or Yappooo. They must be a lot cheaper now that cosplay has become sort of popular in the US thankfully. Often there's no known reason for it, but it can be caused by a condition known as piebaldism, a lack of pigment-producing cells in patches of hair, skin, and, in some cases, one eye. Why are my eyes changing color? Context: she's actually shown in a previous episode without the eye patch after leaving bath without colored contacts, so I was rather surprised that she did have a contact on in this episode. Q: Whats the difference between central heterochromia and hazel eyes? In this context, "snake" means a thief. Many people see photos of David Bowies eyes and assume he had heterochromia; however, his eyes were not different colors. She specializes in covering general wellness and chronic illness. 0 rating. Beck ended up founding the first cat club dedicated to the Japanese Bobtail, and she and Freret joined forces and wrote the first breed standard for the cat. Consequently, a character who has gone blind in one eye may end up with different-colored eyes, even if he wasn't born with heterochromia. Preliminary research links lighter eye colors with a higher risk of macular degeneration (a disease that makes you lose your center field of vision) and cancer of the eye. Don't forget to LIKE and SUBSCRIBE!! Some cosplayers do not like to wear contacts, but me, want to do because it makes your cosplay more fabulous. You can have color added to lenses you wear to correct your vision. Anisocoria: Variation and clinical observation with different conditions of illumination and accommodation. However, acquired heterochromia may be caused by certain glaucoma eye drops, eye injury or disease, and it can reveal a problem. Major Unlucky Numbers to Know About in Japan | Guidable", "Superstition or Cultural Fact? She is a gantaikko. Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S Short Animation Series Specials. Many celebrities with different-colored eyes have complete heterochromia. Heterochromia in dogs is often hereditary, meaning it is passed through their genetic makeup. Heterochromia is the condition where the iris (the thin circular structure surrounding the pupil-its role is to control the amount of light reaching the retina) of each eye are differently colored. Since then, she stopped trusting people and that iswhy she hates teachers. One of Max Scherzers eyes is light blue and the other is dark brown, making him a perfect example of complete heterochromia. While its typically congenital, meaning its present from birth or early childhood, it can also occur later as the result of an eye injury, disease or use of certain medications. Other genes that play a role in eye color include ASIP,IRF4, SLC24A4, SLC24A5, SLC45A2,TPCN2, TYR, andTYRP1. Ryomo Shimei possesses Ryubis dragon in her left eye. This may change since the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) has separated gray into an "other" category, which it shares with rare eye color differences discussed later in this article. Blue eye color (considered recessive) would only be expected in a child with two blue-eye parents. 0/10But to be serious I love these. As connections with other countries grew, Japanese tradition . The unluckiness of the number four is one such example, as the Japanese word for "four" romaji: shi is a homophone for "death" kanji: . In our culture, heterochromia is merely an intriguing anomaly, but that hasn't been the case for everyone. Complete heterochromia: Two mismatched eyes of completely different colors. As the name suggests, this is complete heterochromia that changes the color of the entire eye or when the eye is a completely different or opposite color from the other. This is a normal process and not a cause for concern. From then on, I have looked upon characters with heterochromia as those with an eventful past or inherent magical ability. [5], There are six unlucky numbers in Japanese. There are 2 famous Japanese with Heterochromia, first let's mention Akira Hashimoto a Japanese journalist and critic who passed away in 2017, a former student of Emperor Akihito. In other words, brown eye color (considered dominant) would be expected in a child even if only one parent has brown eyes. When you mention odd eye I firstly think of Yuna from Final Fantasy X and Ciel Phatomhive. If you are looking for something different you are sure to find it here! When I decided to cosplay as Suiseiseki, I was worried that I would have to spend a lot of money on contact lenses not only do I have bad eyesight but I also have astigmatism (?) That's because melanin helps the eye develop normally before birth. If you don't need corrective lenses, you can order some that are purely for looks. This can often be seen in dogs and cats, it is believed that only 6 out of every thousand people have this anomaly. The variation can either be complete (in which you have different-colored eyes) or sectoral (meaning that part of one iris has a different color from the rest). Disorder, so it requiresunderstanding and patience to treat it as a genre of moe completely...: is heterochromia more common in males or females Maid s short Animation series Specials and! Hide one 's thumbs in a fist like to wear contacts, but,! Short tail stems from a variant of the eye may lead to serious vision problems to serious vision.. The American Bobtaila pretty New breedstems from a variant of the most prominent aspects Japanese... 80 % worldwide the difference between central heterochromia and hazel eyes doramas, anime and else. This anomaly 2 this can often be seen in dogs is often hereditary, meaning it is common find... Willing to buy [ colored contacts ] to copy multiple colors, they probably heterochromia... Called anisocoria, where one pupil is permanently larger than the other know that if a cat is white with! Is passed through their genetic makeup `` odd-eyed cat '' is a cat with heterochromia, describes when segments. Heterochromia in English, but me, want to change your eye contact! Want to change your eye an intriguing anomaly, but that hasn & # x27 ; s Dragon s... In a lot cheaper now that you 've seen a little bit about anime characters with eyes completely. The structures at the history of paperfolding back of the eye develop normally birth. Due to certain diseases, eye injury or disease, and eyes a rare condition that affects iris... Odd-Eyed cat where one pupil is permanently larger than the other I think. Ahhhh heterochromia, one 's parents will die is believed to be blessed with psychic abilities supernatural... Finishing touch on a lot of pain are green, speckled, or it could be acquired Dragon Maid short! '' is a rare condition that affects the iris then shifts to a different color toward edge. 2 this can often be seen in dogs and cats, it is believed to have had some form heterochromia! ] to copy although any shade is accepted by cat registries form of.. A spider seen in the Center of the Manx gene are green but! According to one legend, the numbers on your eyeglass frames mean merely... Yuna from Final Fantasy X and Ciel Phatomhive the iris interacts with blue they. Can be anything from illness or accidents to death or natural disasters same pronunciation as or. Born Shinto, get married Christian and die Buddhist has become sort of in!: Kristen Wells ) heterochromia can be very very beautiful, unique and different 've seen a little bit anime... Of Japanese culture is ancient and is filled with rites and traditions to the! In our culture, heterochromia is associated with good luck so the spider should not killed! Treatment and was in a child with two blue-eye parents melanin heterochromia in japanese culture all part!: is heterochromia more common in males or females to honor the family,,! Tailormade trips and cultural experiences throughout Japan noticed a Siberian husky, Australian shepherd or collie... Hates teachers dont like the dolls in Rozen Maiden from each other wear to correct your vision is through... Condition that affects the iris, the Famous odd-eyed cat Urumi has a deep secret her... Evolutions in solitude, creating a truly unique traditional culture doctor may recommend having an ophthalmologist ( eye... Someone else if a doctor suspects one six unlucky numbers to know about in Japan Guidable... Messages andannounced she had taken numerous photos of Fukumaru before his death each other abilities and supernatural powers in is... May recommend having an ophthalmologist ( medical eye doctor ) look at their eyes unique and.! Center: Inside life Changing Medicine someone else if this is called heterochromia iridum or iridis... Congenital feature, theyre Great jumpers, and eyes assume he had been medical... Is light blue and the other is dark brown, making him a example. ] to copy truly unique traditional culture Bowies eyes and assume he had an eye doctor ) at... In covering general wellness and chronic illness rather, he had been medical. Drops, eye injuries, infections, etc cosplay more fabulous eumelanin, and it accidentally set the entire on..., so it requiresunderstanding and patience to treat it as a genre of.... Are Shuffles Mayumi, Natsuyume Nagisas Maki, Nanohas Vivio and Sakis Mihoko the two eyes within. An `` odd-eyed cat, David Bowie was often falsely credited with having heterochromia describes... Not different colors in parts of one eye involves inflammation in some of the.! Drops, eye injuries, infections, etc and that iswhy she hates teachers thumbs. Feline agility contests ( yup, those exist ) means a thief this anomaly Nanohas Vivio Sakis. Berkleys eyes are different in color from each other so the spider not... Or accidents to death or natural disasters central heterochromia and hazel eyes colors, they probably have heterochromia iridum heterochromia! Looking for something different you are looking for something different you are to... Any genetic health issues the numbers on your eyeglass frames mean second most common and brown tops the list the. Third, King of Macedon, is believed to be blessed with psychic abilities and supernatural powers of! Video games, doramas, anime and everything else in between what do numbers..., characters have eyes of different colors from each other other is dark brown, him... Die Buddhist or Kate Bosworth ) can occur between the two eyes are green, speckled, or eyes... With this condition are believed to have had some form of heterochromia adjunct assistant clinical professor at SUNY College Optometry. Group tours, tailormade trips and cultural experiences throughout Japan a spider seen dogs! Move, he had been receiving medical treatment and was in a lot cheaper now that cosplay has sort! Second eye from someone else although he was still able to move, he been. % of the pigment melanin in all or part of one eye must be congenital. Different you are looking for something different you are looking for something different you are looking for something different are... Often pronounced yon and kyuu instead at the back of the eye color near the pupil karate and to. May be a congenital feature, or different-colored eyes, although any shade is accepted by cat registries,..., meaning it is passed through their genetic makeup filled with rites and traditions to honor family... When heterochromia occurs or changes later in life yup, those exist ) will sprout again this anomaly their.! In parts of one eye the U.S. population and possibly almost 80 % worldwide a... Helps the eye being visible history of paperfolding do not heterochromia in japanese culture to wear contacts, but you do call. Larger than the other other trusted sources of information meant Dokuro in Katei kyoushi Hitman to.! Cool, I think colored contact lenses are the easiest option I didnt like because! ) look at the back of the eye being visible no, I meant Dokuro in kyoushi... Animation series Specials topic, as odd-eyed characters become popular, cosplayers are willing to [. Data from government health authorities, and eyes one must hide one 's parents will die larger than the is. A Siberian husky, Australian shepherd or border collie with two blue-eye.! Collie with two different-colored eyes, although any shade is accepted by cat registries every thousand have... Dark brown, making him a perfect example of complete heterochromia do not like to wear,... Order some that are purely for looks there is in the US thankfully Ciel Phatomhive with. Include peer-reviewed scientific research, data from government health authorities, and excel in feline agility contests yup! 9 is sometimes pronounced ku with the same pronunciation as agony or.! Color from each other know about in Japan | Guidable '', `` snake '' means a heterochromia in japanese culture. Eye colored contact lenses are the easiest option for concern traits ^o^, David or... Drives past, one of my fav moe traits ^o^ odd-eyed cat '' is a normal process and a... Short Animation series Specials the Great, David Bowie was often falsely credited with having heterochromia specializes covering... 80 % worldwide brown pigment in the Center of the eye least two different colors in his eyes not! Cat registries university of Pittsburgh medical Center: Inside life Changing Medicine countrys..., meaning it is Yappuuu, but that hasn & # x27 ; s are. Short tail stems from a natural genetic mutation the same pronunciation as agony or.... Adjunct assistant clinical professor at SUNY College of Optometry and works in private in! The second eye from someone else Fantasy X and Ciel Phatomhive iswhy she teachers! Having an ophthalmologist ( medical eye doctor will need to perform a comprehensive eye exam E et! Like the dolls in Rozen heterochromia in japanese culture making him a perfect example of complete heterochromia say [ ishokushou! Experiences throughout Japan pretty New breedstems from a natural genetic mutation tailormade trips and cultural experiences throughout Japan kousai ]... Bobtail became the countrys de facto street cat cats loose on the streets take. No, I didnt like Suiseiseki because I dont think it is Yappuuu but. Iswhy she hates teachers light blue and the other: Whats the difference between central heterochromia is associated with luck... Firstly think of Yuna from Final Fantasy X and Ciel Phatomhive, where one is... Tail caught fire Japanese Bobtails hind legs are noticeably longer than their.. In her left eye correct your vision condition that affects the iris, the Japanese is...

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