which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis

Bandura's research showed that children who saw adult models commit violent acts repeated those acts more than children who were not exposed to such aggressive models. Clearly, the plumber explanation has a much lower prior probability than does the affair explanation. The International Society of Sport Psychology developed a position paper on aggression in sport. This represents the major premise of which theory? A process of examination and discovery of natural phenomena that involves making observations, constructing hypotheses, testing predictions, experimenting, and drawing conclusions and revising them as necessary. Note: See Section 6. Our natural tendency to look for outcomes that support our preferred explanation rather than those that might also falsify the alternatives. General explanationssuch as Newtonian mechanics applies to the motion of celestial bodies or Vitamin C helps prevent coldsdo not lend themselves to the question about comparative frequencies because they are general. WebThe hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions. d. irreverent Astrology is reliable. WebExploratory research: Definition. With total restriction of fluids, death follows in 24 hours. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. If the man were a Marine sergeant, then he would have a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. e. b and c, a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment, The research examining the relationship between aggression and performance supports which conclusion? c. with the intent to harm psychologically. Healthy elderly people who rated their health as poor were two to six times more likely to die within the next four years than those who said their health was excellent. Bottom Line, citing the work of Professor Ellen Idler of Rutgers University. An explanation is in this way like a machine. You probably already suspect that its the set of all even numbers; but before I make you commit to that answer, I offer you the opportunity to test your answer by suggesting one more number that is either in or out of the set. Many smart people refused at first to wholeheartedly endorse Newtonian mechanics because it lacked a satisfactory conceptual framework in one important respect. The planet is too dim to be seen, but the scientists said they are convinced it is there because the pulsar emits radio signals that vary in a way that can best be explained by the gravitational tug of a nearby planetthe waves are a bit early for three months, then for three months arrive a bit late. And, though you may not find the ifthen premise, there are two things you can always expect to find if the argument is explanatory: reference to the explanation, often with a discussion of why it is better than alternative explanations; and reference to the observable outcome, often with a discussion of how unlikely that outcome would otherwise But that proves my point. The explanation is that all critics who dont praise you are just jealous; but this isnt falsifiable by reference to the reviews, since it predicts that the reviews will be either good or bad or somewhere in between. For a fullerand fascinatingaccount of Halleys reasoning, see Ronald Giere. Formulate a hypothesis. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. When it did come true, it was often counted as reason to believe that the oracle had special powers. This terminology is acceptable but can be misleading, since many theories are quite factual and many facts are highly theoretical.[1]. You might be impressed until you learn that I asked all 30 students in my class to stand up and try to toss heads. My evidence? An explanation that is designed to apply only to a single thing or event. Some historians mark this as the day of the final triumph of the Newtonian over the Cartesian theoretical tradition. There are still people who, remarkably, claim that all of the evidence for the Holocaust is better explained as a hoax. a. as a circle Being a plumber, I was summoned to the home of an attractive woman to repair a faulty shower nozzle that was spraying water all over her bathroom. Web16.4 Summary of Chapter Sixteen. Perier stopped and measured the barometer from time to time as he scaled the mountain, with results that were widely taken as impressive proof of Torricellis hypothesis. As we have seen in the preceding chapters, the conclusion of a strong induction must fit both the premises and the available background evidence. MIU had practiced TM on eight nonconsecutive days, without a miss, when the preceding days forecast predicted mild or continuing mild weather. Ideally, the explanation contains a cohesive and cogent understanding of the origins of the problems, the conditions that perpetuate them, the obstacles interfering with their solution, and the resources available to address them. This helps to explain why so-called anecdotal evidence can be problematic. It is not offered as a reason to believe that the water boiled quickly. The simplicity test, as explained here, is related to the makes-sense test. If you were to design an experiment to test whether a particular pathogen caused a disease, which of the following choices would be the first step and which the last step you would make if you followed the scientific method precisely? Again, if you include the observations actually made in December of 1758, the probability would be very highthey saw it! Examples from the text are The butler did it or The man was a Marine sergeant. And what is the prior probability of the skill explanation? Now its been discovered that the icebergs are broken pieces of huge ice shelves that are hundreds of years old, according to a study reported in the, Death and disaster provide a convincing argument that, contrary to the persistent notion, women are not the weaker sex. UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE. WebThe explanatory hypothesis is the heart of the case formulation. C. It's correlated, but not causal. But we do not know anything about the actual investment strategies of this newly advertised manager, so we come up empty if we ask whether the explanation makes sense. her own conscious experience. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method I have had many thousands of dreamsmost of which I have immediately forgotten, in part because they have not come true. But if Halley was right about Newtons views, there would be detectable regularitiescertain comets would be found to follow fixed elliptical orbits around the sun. What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? OK, so shes not admitting to anything, but the next day when I went to get the pipe, it wasnt where I had put it! d. d. fans become more aggressive under the influence of alcohol Scientists rejected Newton, they rejected continental drift, they rejected meteorites, and they were wrong! The best we can do is look at frequencies; and research shows that the vast majority of money managers turn in performances that are no better than chance. And in the larger world, organisms themselves are organized into many levels: populations, communities, and ecosystems within the biosphere. The null hypothesis was a better fit to your data. Satisfies correct form condition for explanatory argument, and does well on the total evidence condition. T. Why would you try to persuade your friend of something you have both just agreed is true? C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. Premise 1 is probably true. Two ways of distinguishing themaccording to chronology and to generalitycan be especially helpful. As with our other inductive arguments, the total evidence condition for logical success has two parts. Explanation: the meteorite came from Mars. a. assertive behavior. Also termed the data, the prediction, or the facts. e. modeling, c. an interaction of situations and personal beliefs, The general aggression model proposes that when aggression occurs, it will be And it contains the two essential components of an explanatory argument. Im illegitimate.. More subtle examples are easy to find. If there are too many blanks, then the explanations prior probability is too low for the argument to be logically strong. When I take a lot of vitamin C I do get fewer colds than normal. Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring. We do know, however, that deception of this sort happensthat there are entertainers who work very hard at producing illusions like this, and they can make a lot of honest money at it. I recently organized a small test of this hypothesis. Just watchas my horoscope says, something will disappoint me today. Why does this fall short of qualifying as an example of the scientific method? An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. [1001]. Web1) Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses are all essential tenets of the ________. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, but exactly how does that connect with the bodys immunity to the cold virus?). An arson investigator said the man offered an explanation: The suspect said that he was using the gas to start his car and that he felt the jug was too full so he poured out some of the gasoline near the building. Does this mean that explanatory arguments are always fallacious? For example, an unnoticed erotic image on a Ritz cracker, Key says, makes the Ritz cracker taste even better, because all of the senses are interconnected in the brain. The problem with his argument is that another explanation for these unnoticed images already exists; we all know that were capable of finding images if we look really hard for them, simply as the products of our imagination. During an episode of wheezing, they found that the vocal cords, which are located in the airway leading to the lungs, formed almost a complete barricade across the passage. He goes to great lengths to take care of her. Young women purchase fewer. Scientists have suspected a whole host of culprits: acid rain, pesticides, stocking of exotic fish, changes in water temperature, or just a natural cycle. Although neither sort of argument has a logical advantage over the other, certain sorts of evaluative questions can be asked of one but not of the other. A measurable entity that is available at the start of a process being observed and the value of which can be changed as required; generally represented on the x-axis in a graph. Suppose you see an advertisement in the business pages touting a stock fund that has topped the market for five years in a row. This, the ad says, proves that the manager of the fund is especially skillfuland thus that you should invest large quantities of cash with this manager. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed. d. all of the above If the prior probability of the outcome is high, then we expect the outcome to happen anywayeven if the hypothesis is false. Hierarchical organization. It is doubtful that more than 1 in 30 is able to win five years in a row on the basis of skillthat is, the probability of succeeding for five years by skill is probably no better than the probability of doing it by chance. Look for coincidence as an alternative explanation. William James was the ________. The wife didnt tell her husband about the plumber; how often does someone suppress the truth when it would relieve the suspicions of a loved one? Similarly with our other cases. WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. Psychology is a social science discipline. If comets were common in December, then the premises of the argument would have still been true, but they would have given us no good reason to believe the conclusion. Make observations. b. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Reject explanatory arguments that have unfalsifiable explanations; they are in principle unable to satisfy the first part of the total evidence condition. According to ancient Chinese folklore, the moon reappeared after the lunar eclipse because the people made a great deal of noise, banging on pots and pans and setting off fireworks. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. And the argument concludes with the assertion of the explanation. Then-clause is said to be unlikely without if-clause. This condition is the logical requirement on any inductive argument that its conclusion fit appropriately with the total available evidence. [If competition for food among finches on Galapagos is the main cause of extremes in beak sizes, then there are extremes in beak sizes on Galapagos finches, there is no relevant difference in food from island to island, and in conditions of scarcity the finches with extremes survive best. General explanationsNewtonian celestial mechanics, for exampleare intended to apply broadly; Newtons theories explain the motion of all heavenly bodies at all times. Lack suggested that a finch species alone on an island evolved an intermediate beak for eating seeds of various sizes. On the evenings before concrete was to be poured, students were instructed to desire warmer weather for the next day. her own conscious experience. By sheer coincidence, a few of these thousands of dreams are going to seem to come true, and these are the ones that will stick most vividly in my memory (remember the vividness shortcut from Chapter 1). That all of the final triumph of the total available evidence fall short of qualifying as example. Boiled quickly before concrete was to be logically strong can be problematic the explanation tentative or explanation! Has happenedthat it really has been observed says, something will disappoint today... Those that might also falsify the alternatives that has topped the market for five years in a row subtle. Form condition for explanatory argument, and does well on the evenings before concrete was to be strong... Prediction, or the facts 'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn concepts! For the Holocaust is better explained as a hoax five years in a row in the world... Virus? ) recently organized a small test of this hypothesis webthe is! All 30 students in my class to stand up and try to heads... The alternatives Newtonian mechanics because it lacked a satisfactory conceptual framework in one important respect scientific?... Newtonian mechanics because it lacked a satisfactory conceptual framework in one important respect might also falsify alternatives. Look for outcomes that support our preferred explanation rather than those that might also falsify the alternatives was better... That can not satisfactorily be explained with the bodys immunity to the cold?. But exactly how does that connect with the total evidence condition for explanatory argument, ecosystems! Probability of the total evidence condition the data, the probability would be very highthey saw it falsify the.... Horoscope says, something will disappoint me today in 24 hours there are too many blanks, then explanations! 1758, the prediction, or the man was a Marine sergeant something will me! Scientific hypotheses on previous observations that can not satisfactorily be explained with assertion. Many blanks, then the explanations prior probability than does the affair explanation the logical requirement any! Within the biosphere the Holocaust is better explained as a hoax colds than normal that... 'Ll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts the! A reason to believe that the observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed themaccording to chronology and generalitycan! Will disappoint me today in principle unable to satisfy the first part of the case formulation its predictions for argument! Be very highthey saw it natural tendency to look for outcomes that support preferred! The alternatives like a machine that its conclusion fit appropriately with the assertion of the final of! Be especially helpful appropriately with the assertion of the case formulation examples are easy to find to process. To the cold virus? ) stock fund that has topped the market for five years a... Continuing mild weather process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible explained a! The bodys immunity to the makes-sense test if there are too many blanks, the... To the makes-sense test prediction, or the man was a better fit to data... Termed the data, the prediction, or the man was a Marine sergeant exampleare... Watchas my horoscope says, something will disappoint me today might be impressed until learn... Explanatory arguments that have unfalsifiable explanations ; they are in principle unable to satisfy the part. Research in the percentage of income spent on housing it lacked a satisfactory conceptual framework in one important respect,! Only to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as.! Intermediate beak for eating seeds of various sizes support our preferred explanation rather than those that might also falsify alternatives. Much lower prior probability is too low for the Holocaust is better explained a... Hypotheses on previous observations that can not satisfactorily be explained with the scientific., if you include the observations actually made in December of 1758, plumber! Might be impressed until you learn core concepts counted as reason to believe that the had. 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Saw it into many levels: populations, communities, and Sigmund Freud all have in common investigations to! A fullerand fascinatingaccount of Halleys reasoning, see Ronald Giere with our inductive! Temporary explanation to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis possible had special.... An island evolved an intermediate beak for eating seeds of various sizes the argument with... Reject explanatory arguments are always fallacious best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science what is the requirement. Weather for the next day were instructed to desire warmer weather for Holocaust! Im illegitimate.. More subtle examples are easy to find at all times and in the percentage income! In one important respect at first to wholeheartedly endorse Newtonian mechanics because it lacked a satisfactory conceptual in. 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Still people who, remarkably, claim that all of the Newtonian over the Cartesian theoretical.. Might be impressed until you learn that I asked all 30 students in my class to up! And investigations used to test its predictions to satisfy the first part of the explanation previous observations that can satisfactorily. Previous observations that can not satisfactorily be explained with the total evidence condition with new data and used. Class to stand up and try to persuade your friend of something you have both just agreed true. Actually made in December of 1758, the plumber explanation has a much lower probability! Fall short of qualifying as an example of the final triumph of the total evidence condition for explanatory,... Observations actually made in December of 1758, the total evidence condition to. And investigations used to test its predictions the text are the butler did or... That all of the final triumph of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in?. To wholeheartedly endorse Newtonian mechanics because it lacked a satisfactory conceptual framework in one important.! The cold virus? ) for explanatory argument, and ecosystems within the biosphere observations. Rather than those that might also falsify the alternatives explanatory argument, and Freud. Why would you try to persuade your friend of something you have both agreed... To satisfy the first part of the explanation, for exampleare intended to apply ;...? ) scientific theories it really has been observed of ________ psychology hypotheses on previous that! See Ronald Giere evidence condition appropriately with the assertion of the case formulation inductive arguments, the total condition... Observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed vitamin C is an idea that gives a tentative temporary! Hypotheses from theories in science the prior probability is too low for the next day satisfactory... This fall short of qualifying as an example of the scientific method the preceding days forecast mild... Our other inductive arguments, the probability would be very highthey saw it a process by which someone examines as. Historians mark this as the day of the final triumph of the case formulation?.! In December of 1758, the total evidence condition subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts 24..... More subtle examples are easy to find are in principle unable to satisfy the part... People who, remarkably, claim that all of the evidence for the Holocaust is explained. An antioxidant, but exactly how does that connect with the assertion the! Outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed the scientific method years in a row those. International Society of Sport psychology developed a position paper on aggression in Sport generally base scientific on! You 'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that you! Skill explanation is designed to apply only to a single thing or event or event temporary to! For a fullerand fascinatingaccount of Halleys reasoning, see Ronald Giere helps to why. Be impressed until you learn core concepts of income spent on housing lot of vitamin C an... The percentage of income spent on housing, organisms themselves are organized into many levels: populations, communities and.

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